Geological setting

Sampling localities

Otolith extraction, images, and identification

Paleobiodiversity and compositional assessment

Neogene and Quaternary Sciaenidae biostratigraphy

Ariosoma spp. (Congridae; Fig. )

Muraenesox sp. (Muraenesocidae; Fig. )

Coilia cf. mystus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Engraulidae; Fig. )

Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) (Plotosidae; Fig. )

Arius maculatus (Thunberg, 1792) (Ariidae; Fig. )

Benthosema pterotum (Alcock, 1890) (Myctophidae; Fig. )

Sirembo imberbis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) (Ophidiidae; Fig. )

Jaydia sp. and Ostorhinchus sp. (Apogonidae; Fig. )

Oxudercidae (Figs , )

Gobiidae (Figs , )

Mene maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Menidae; Fig. )

Pleuronectiformes (Paralichthyidae, Bothidae, Cynoglossidae, and Soleidae; Figs , )

Matsubaraea fusiformis (Fowler, 1943) (Hemerocoetidae; Fig. )

Pomadasys (Haemulidae; Fig. )

Sciaenidae (Figs , , )

Sillago (Sillaginidae; Fig. )

Sample coverage and otolith diversity

Temporal changes in fish assemblage composition

Biostratigraphy and temporal dynamics of western Pacific Sciaenidae

Patterns of local diversity and paleoecological structure

Neogene–Quaternary teleost turnover in northern Taiwan

Biostratigraphic and evolutionary significance of Sciaenidae in the western Pacific

Conflict of interest

Ethical statement

Artificial Intelligence (AI) use

Funding

Author contributions

Author ORCIDs

Data availability